I have previously argued that human flourishing partly consists in the ability to exercise ESSENTIAL human capacities, many of which are non-distinctive and shared with other animals. The concept of flourishing is itself species-specific. Thus, the development of ESSENTIAL capacities (human and nonhuman) comprises a large part of the goods that we ought to promote. Problems about the definition of ‘ESSENTIAL’ are discussed, as are related issues about whether there are necessary and sufficient conditions for the correct use of sortal universal terms. The relation of the exercise of ESSENTIAL capacities to basic needs is investigated, and the ESSENTIAL nature of the human capacity for meaningful work, which has been disputed by John White, is defended. Finally, some suggestions are offered about what the proponents of the capabilities approach might derive from that of ESSENTIAL capacities.

According to Avicenna’s anthropology, soul reaches the intellectual pleasure through perception and achieves sensory pleasure through concupiscence, indignation, illusion, and imagination. On one hand, human’s happiness intrinsically finds its expression in having intellectual knowledge. On the other hand and according to earthly existence, happiness is portrayed as a sort of self-controlling. Human achieves happiness partially in earthly life, but the true and perfect happiness would be achieved in his life after death. Based on intellectual perfection, Avicenna classified people in various groups; First, the ones who are men of knowledge. They are happy in their earthly life and would obtain the highest levels of happiness in the hereafter. The second group, the average souls who complete the grades of perfection in intellectual aspect and practically have some deficiencies, would survive from misery by Allah’s mercy. However, the third group, those who neglect knowledge wouldn’t achieve happiness and would suffer from eternal misery. Avicenna is of the opinion that ignorance is an obstacle in the path of achieving the true happiness. Those who have knowledge but no virtue would achieve some levels of happiness in their earthly life and in hereafter would survive from eternal misery by purifying the effects of their bad deeds. Speaking of this group, Avicenna held that because they have the knowledge, the key to happiness, they would have a chance to compensation. Comparing the two later groups reveals that Avicenna considered intellectual perfection as the main reason for happiness.

Juniper is the most important native conifer in Iran. Juniper as one of the most resistant tree species to extreme conditions, frost (up to -40°C) and drought, plays important role in mountainous regions of Iran. In this study, by investigation on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of ESSENTIAL oils ofleaves and berries (female cones), the effects of environmental factors were studied on metabolism of secondary products. The volatitale constituents of the Leaves and berries of male, female and male-female trees isolated by steam-distillation were analyzed by GC-MS.Results indicated that the amount of ESSENTIAL oil in berries is higher than that in leaves. Seasonal alteration of ESSENTIAL oil of berries differs from leaves. The ESSENTIAL oil of berries increase during growth period, however decreased in leaves. Besides drying has increasing effect on ESSENTIAL oil. In total 32 terpenoidic components were found that a-pinene, limonene, trans-verbenol, cisverbenol, verbenone, g- elemone and elemol were the important ones. a-pinene up to 70% of ESSENTIAL oil content was the highest component. Seasonal alteration of each component was very variable.Drying effect can be valuable for isolation of components and commercial applications.

Divine detailed prior knowledge to creature before creation has been regarded as an important problem in religious, theological, philosophical and mystical texts. In this paper, different views on the definition of knowledge and Divine prior knowledge have been introduced and, then, Sadra‘s view in which a kind of multiplicity and complexity have been accepted, has been critically studied. Sadra has taken the idea from Ibn Arabi and believes that this multiplicity and complexity differ from those in possible world and do not contradict Divine Essence simplicity.

To investigate the effect of vermicompost, N fertilizer and their integration on growth, biological and ESSENTIAL yields oil and its components in two populations (Varamin and Isfahan), an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the field of Isfahan Medicinal Plants Research Center in 2016. Fertilizer treatments including 100% urea, vermicompost 33.3 and urea 66.6%, vermicompost 66.6 and urea 33.3%, 100% vermicompost and control treatment (without fertilizer) as the first factor and Varamin and Isfahan populations as the second factor were selected. The results showed that the interaction effects of nitrogen fertilizer and populations on all studied traits were significant. In both populations, nitrogen fertilizer improved height, biological and ESSENTIAL oil yields, content of ESSENTIAL oil compounds (d-Carvone and its yield, α-phellandrene and linalool; except p-Cymene and Limonene in Isfahan population). Since in medicinal plants, the quantity (biological yield) and quality (ESSENTIAL oil and d-Carvone; the most important ingredient and the highest amount of ESSENTIAL oil in this experiment), 66.6% vermicompost + 33.3% urea in Varamin population, was the best treatment in the experiment. In addition an in the direction of human health and sustainable agriculture, it is possible to reduce 33% of chemical fertilizers application and pollution; however, in terms of other ESSENTIAL oil contents (α-phellandrene, Linalool and p-Cymene), 100% vermicompost fertilizer treatment was superior in Isfahan population.

The rarest theory of God’s ESSENTIAL attributes is the theory of “conceptual and exemplary unity of ESSENTIAL attributes”, which is asserted in different books penned by Avicenna and Shaykh al-Ahsai. They adopted this approach based on certain theoretical basics, namely “generality of the notion of inherent attributes” and “impossibility of deriving different notions from a true indivisible notion”. However, since every independent notion associated with divine attributes contains different forms of significance and the theory of “conceptual synonymy of attributes” is challenged mainly in terms of semantic function, the present research objective is to prove that both of the theories cover the conceptual function of synonymous ESSENTIAL attributes in divine propositions by explaining and analyzing the semantic aspect of ESSENTIAL attributes in the light of their semantic synonymy. Avicenna first accepts “existence” as the first ESSENTIAL heavenly attribute and believes a more precise understanding of each ESSENTIAL attribute is contingent upon inclusion of God’s existence with a “privative” or “relative” notion or a combination of the two. However, using a different approach, Ahsai believes the semantic fruits of ESSENTIAL attributes rest on a positive concept and two relative aspects: negation of freeness of the self from perfection, freeness of God Almighty from contradictory attributes, and negation of similarities between divine attributes and earthly attributes. He believes there is an actual attribute that corresponds to each of God’s ESSENTIAL PERFECTIONS, and Muhammad’s Truth carries and contains these actual attributes.

A B S T R A C T Considering the location of vital centers in the heart of the cities, they are more affected by unexpected events. Hence, due to the probability of the loss of existing services and devastating effects on the social organization and the necessity to prepare ESSENTIAL needs of people and military agencies, planning and building the storage for ESSENTIAL items as a replacement for the damaged services are considered a critical factor in social and defensive reliability. This research tries to locate stockpile of ESSENTIAL Items in Mashhad by emphasizing passive defense criteria and analyzing stockpiles of ESSENTIAL items in terms of form communicational structure. The type of research is applied, and the research method is in theoretical discussion and formulation of mental models, descriptive-analytical and information-gathering methods, documents, questionnaires, and interviews. Moreover, the information analysis method is with the IHWP model in GIS software in the locating section. In the section on examining architectural patterns and forms is content analysis. The research results show that 20.61 percent of Mashhad has an optimal location potential, and 0.94 percent of city also has a favorable potential for location. Also, parts of the north-east and south of the city have the priority for location. The types of spatial organization of the rectangular form, including centralized, four-armed, introverted, and diagonal, were investigated in the architecture department. The centralized form is preferable to other forms for its capacity and access to exits and spatial organization Extended Abstract Introduction As a stockpile of ESSENTIAL items to facilitate the process of activities and to achieve goals, the warehouse plays a vital role in creating this flexibility in organizations. In fact, from the point of view of crisis management, the stockpile of ESSENTIAL items can play a significant role in the supply chain to deal with unforeseen internal or external incidents. Passive defense in the stockpile of ESSENTIAL items refers to measures that do not require expensive and challenging methods and solutions to protect the stockpile of ESSENTIAL items. Furthermore, it can help avoid the substantial expenses of monitoring the entire inventory and increasing non-conformities (such as theft, fire, non-conformity in the inventory and management inspection, fatal accidents, etc.) or reduce this amount. Choosing the form of the stockpile of ESSENTIAL items for ESSENTIAL items with a passive defense approach requires a comprehensive analysis based on defense principles such as hierarchical protection, nationwide coverage, dynamic protection, relative self-sufficiency, and minimum vulnerability. Therefore, in addition to placing this category of stockpile of ESSENTIAL items in Mashhad, the mentioned research also tries to establish a relationship between architectural forms and principles of defense to reduce vulnerability and improve the level of relief in times of crisis.   Methodology The current type of research is applied, and the research method is descriptive-analytical. In this research, 29 people were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews with urban and passive defense experts. The method of data analysis is quantitative and qualitative. Also, the content analysis method was used to compile and analyze the architectural forms of the stockpile of ESSENTIAL items of ESSENTIAL items compatible with the principles of passive defense. The fuzzy quantitative model IHWP was exploited in GIS software for placing the stockpile of ESSENTIAL items in the studied sample.   Results and discussion Locating From the overlaying of 10 indicators, distance from the fault, height of buildings, distance from gas lines, distance from high voltage power lines, road width, building density, risk of uses, distance from water transmission lines, population density, and land prone to liquefaction, location in 10 class was conducted that the first and second priority is the north-east and south of Mashhad, which has the most favorable location. In Mashhad, 17.2% of the city area has a very low score, 12.8% low score, 48.37% medium score, 20.61% high score, and 0.94% very high score regarding location desirability.   Architecture According to the previous studies on geometric forms, the suitable form for warehouse design is a simple form that does not have frequent breaks and sharp and vague points to reduce the spatial deviation. Among the geometrical shapes, square and rectangular right-cornered shapes meet the criteria of warehouse design. In the meantime, the rectangle can define joints along its length, each of which is a focal point for concentrating activities and organizing their performance. Additionally, the internal spaces in this form are reasonably defined, which results in the building's overall form being overshadowed. This also makes the surrounding accesses more targeted and focused, ultimately providing more suitable relief during times of crisis. In order to create four types of stockpiles of ESSENTIAL items, A (centralized), B (four arms), C (introverted), and D (polar) were designed, and the way of combining these stockpiles of ESSENTIAL items was expressed and analyzed separately. The research results on accesses and circulation shows that type A covers a population of over 100,000 people, which has the best performance in terms of access to exits and spatial organization and provides services in times of crisis. Therefore, type A, due to the sequence of layers, lines, and expansion on the surface, has the most functional symmetry with the body of the warehouse, and its spatial projection is limited to adapt the shell to the body. Visually, it has the least visibility from a high height. Due to its volume and formal indicators, it has a high level of homogeneity and camouflage with its surrounding environment.   Conclusion The results of placing stockpiles of ESSENTIAL items in Mashhad showed that the northeast and south of the city have a higher talent for establishment. According to the examination of geometric forms, the rectangular form has the most efficiency for warehouse design in the architecture area. Due to formal capabilities such as the value of lines, angles, and proportions, it has the most efficiency in terms of performance, motion circulation, and the least spatial deviation. In order to research as mentioned above, after choosing the dominant form of the rectangle, an attempt has been made to analyze the spatial organization of the rectangular form using linear, combined, decomposition, and combination methods and centripetal and radial arrangements in terms of passive defense principles. Furthermore, four different types of warehouse design were formally analyzed as patterns and representative types, which are four arms, centralized, introverted, and diagonal, each of which, in addition to functional capabilities, also covers the population's needs in crisis conditions. Finally, the concentrated type due to the extent of its successive lines and layers in close proximity to each other, the perceptibility of the surfaces of the body joints because it can be recognized from a high altitude in order not to be identified in times of crisis such as air raid, they have the highest degree of compatibility between function and form from the point of view of passive defense.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.     Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific

Purpose: This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of Botulinum toxin injection to the medial rectus muscles for management of ESSENTIAL infantile esotropia without electromyographic control.Patients & Methods: Twenty four consecutive neurologically normal children from 8 to 38 months of age entered a case series with a mean deviation angle of 40 prism diopters. Simultaneous injection of 10 units Botulinum toxin A (Dysport) were made into the medial rectus muscles under halotane in halation anesthesia. Post operative controls were performed 3 days, 3 weeks, 3 months and 6 months after the injection.Results: At 6 months, residual deviation was an average of 7.08 prism diopters of esotropia (25 prism diopters of esotropia to 10 prism diopters of exotropia).Conclusion: Transconjuctival Botulinum toxin injection even without electromyographic assistance is an effective method in control of ESSENTIAL infantile esotropia in children.